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Forthcoming
- Goenaga, B., A. Sabillon-Orellana, B. Munywoki, B.S. Underwood, J. Prozzi (2023). “Evaluation of Texture Indexes Isotropy and 2D-3D Equivalency,” Journal of Transportation Engineering Part B: Pavements. Accepted.
- Salehfard, R., Yeganeh, D. Dalmazzo, B.S. Underwood, E. Santagata (2023). “Chemical Structure to the Linear and Nonlinear Properties of Asphalt Binders,” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board. In Press. doi: 10.1177/03611981241244793
- Fried, A., Boz, J. Preciado, S. Gulzar, B.S. Underwood, J. Habbouche, and C. Castorena (*) (2024). “Evaluation of Alternative Approaches to Restore the Rheology of Recycled Binders,” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board. In Press. doi: 10.1177/03611981241235179
- Othman, O., B.S. Underwood, J. Habbouche, I. Boz, and S.D. Diefenderfer (2024). “Assessment of Conventional and Engineered Surface Asphalt Mixtures through Empirical and Fundamental Performance Tests”, Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board. In Press. doi: 10.1177/03611981241234915
- Preciado, J., Gulzar, C. Castorena, B.S. Underwood, J. Habbouche, and I. Boz (2024). “Performance Assessment of High RAP Asphalt Mixtures with Recycling Agents,” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board. In Press. doi: 10.1177/03611981241236483
- Isied, M., Williams, N. Saleh, K. Kuchiishi, B.S. Underwood. and Y.R. Kim. (2024). “Mechanical Properties and Performance for Mixtures of the Same Classification,” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board. In Press. doi: 10.1177/03611981241240764
- Isied, M., Mocelin, J. Preciado, P. Vestana, B.S. Underwood, Y.R. Kim, and C. Castorena (2024). “Mechanical Properties and Performance of High Recycled Content Mixtures Designed Using Alternative Approaches,” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board. In Press. doi: 10.1177/03611981241238228
2024
- Yang, K., R. Li., C. Castorena, B.S. Underwood, and H. Cui (2024). “A Framework to Identify Fatigue of Asphalt Binders under Multiple Aging Levels using Linear Amplitude and Time Sweep Testing,” International Journal of Pavement Engineering. 25(1). doi: 10.1080/10298436.2024.2328132
- Baradaran, S., M.R.M. Aliha, A. Maleki, B.S. Underwood (2024). “Low-temperature Fracture Properties of Asphalt Mixture Containing High Content of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) and Eco-friendly Additive Synthesized from PET,” Construction and Building Materials. 449, 138426. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.138426
- Zeng, Z., B.S. Underwood, and Y.R. Kim (2024). “A State-of-the-Art Review of Asphalt Mixture Fracture Models to Address Pavement Reflective Cracking,” Construction and Building Materials. 443, 137674. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.137674
- Gulzar, S. and B.S. Underwood, (2024). “Asphalt Binder Characterization Using Waveform-Based Viscoelastic Measures and Time-Temperature Superposition Principle Under Large Strains,” Construction and Building Materials. 438, 137177. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024. 137177
- Zeng, Z., N. Sudarsanan, B.S. Underwood, Y.R. Kim, and M.N. Guddati (2024). “Reflective Cracking Performance Evaluations of Highly Modified Asphalt Mix,” Journal of Transportation Engineering, Part B: Pavements. 150(3), 04024039. doi: 10.1061/JPEODX.PVENG-1566
- Zeng, Z., B.S. Underwood, Y.R. Kim, and M.N. Guddati (2024). “Evaluation of Paris Law-Based Approach on Asphalt Mixture Reflective Cracking Performance Modeling,” Engineering Fracture Mechanics. 303, 110098. doi: 10.1016/j.engfracmech.2024.110098
- Gulzar, S., Xue, J. Preciado, A. Fried, C. Castorena, B.S. Underwood, J. Habbouche, I. Boz (2024). “Phenomenological Modeling of Aging and Rejuvenation on Asphalt Binder Fatigue Characteristics,”Construction and Building Materials. 425, 135929. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.135929
- Karanam, G.D. and B.S. Underwood (2024). “Mechanical Characterization and Performance Prediction of Fiber-Modified Asphalt Mixes,” International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology, doi: 1007/s42947-024-00445-9
- Souza, T.D., A.J..E. Leon, A.R. Mesquita, O.F.M. Gomes, C. Ulsen, B.S. Underwood, and F.T.S. Aragao (2024). “Characterization of Binder, Mastic, and FAM Thickness within Asphalt Concrete Mixtures,” Construction and Building Materials. 421, 135595. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.135595
- Preciado, J., Gulzar, A. Fried, C. Castorena, B.S. Underwood, J. Habbouche, and I. Boz (2024). “Low-temperature Performance Evaluation of Recycled Binder Blends,” Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 36(9), 04024257. doi: 10.1061/JMCEE7.MTENG-17661
- Zeng, Z.,R. Kim, B.S. Underwood, and M.N. Guddati (2024). “Modeling Damage Caused by Combined Thermal and Traffic Loading Using Viscoelastic Continuum Damage Theory,” Construction and Building Materials. 418, 135425. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.135425.
2023
- Ghanbari, A., J. Ding, B.S. Underwood, Y.R. Kim (2023). “Reliability Analysis of Damage Prediction in Asphalt Pavement Sections using FlexPAVETM Program and S-VECD Fatigue Model,” International Journal of Pavement Engineering, 24(2), 2276186. doi: 10.1080/10298436.2023.2276186
- Gulzar, S., C. Castorena, and B.S. Underwood (2023). “An Investigation into the Nonlinear Rheological Behavior of Modified Asphalt Binders using Large Amplitude Oscillatory Shear Rheology,” International Journal of Pavement Engineering, 24(1), 2211211. doi: 10.1080/10298436.2023.2211211
- JRE Editorial Office, M. Cavalli, D. Chen, Q. Chen, Y. Chen et al. (40 total authors) (2023). “Review of Advanced Road materials, Structures, Equipment, and Detection Technologies.” Journal of Road Engineering. 3(4), pp. 370-468. doi: 10.1016/j.jreng.2023.12.001
- Goenaga, B., B.S. Underwood, C. Castorena, C., V. Cantillo, and J. Arellana (2023). “Using Continuous Traffic Counts Extracted from Smartphone Data to Evaluate Traffic Reductions During COVID-19 Pandemic in North Carolina,” Latin American Transport Studies, 1, 100005. doi: 10.1016/j.latran.2023.100005.
- Zeng, Z.A., Y.R. Kim, B.S. Underwood, and M.N. Guddati (2023). “Asphalt Mixture Fatigue Damage and Failure Predictions Using the Simplified Viscoelastic Continuum Damage (S-VECD) Model,” International Journal of Fatigue. 176, 107736. doi: 10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2023.107736.
- Jia, H., P. Guo, B.S. Underwood, H. Chen, Y.R. Kim, Y. Li, and Q. Ma (2023). “Effect of Synthetic Fibers on the Mechanical Performance of Asphalt Mixture: A Review,” Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering (English Edition). 10(3), pp. 331-348. doi: 10.1016/j.jtte.2023.02.002.
- Goenaga, B., B.S. Underwood, H. Tirkolaei, and N. Neithalath (2023). “Effect of Soil Amendments on the Compaction Characteristics, Hydraulic Conductivity, and Tire Sinkage Potential of Roadside Soils,” Transportation Geotechnics, 41, doi: 10.1016/j.trgeo.2023.101019.
- Preciado, J., Gulzar, A. Fried, J. Habbouche, I. Boz, C. Castorena, and B.S. Underwood, (2022). “Benchmarking Recycled Binder Blends using Statistical Analysis: A Case Study of Virginia and North Carolina,” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, In Press. doi: doi.org/10.1177/03611981231178812.
- Kuchiishi, A.K., C. Castorena, Y.R. Kim, and B.S. Underwood (2023). “Ruggedness Evaluation of Dynamic Modulus Test using Small-Scale Test Specimens for Asphalt Mixture Performance Tester (AMPT),” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2677(11), pp. 387-400. doi: 10.1177/03611981231165780
- Saleh, N., B.S. Underwood, Y.R. Kim (2023). “Case Studies of Asphalt Pavements Quality Assurance Specifications, Performance-Related Specifications, and Performance-Based Specifications,” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2677(11), pp. 682-696. doi: 10.1177/03611981231166685
- Mocelin, D.M., Isied, M.C. Aparico, A. Kusam, B.S. Underwood, Y.R. Kim, and C. Castorena (2023). “Laboratory Performance Evaluation of Alternative Approaches to Incorporate Recycled Binder Availability in Mixture Design Procedures,” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2677(10), pp. 519-533. doi: 10.1177/03611981231161601
- Rocha, M.L., F.T.S. Aragao, L.A.H. Nascimento, and B.S. Underwood (2023). “A Balanced Mixture Design Framework for Asphalt Mixtures Based on Indices and Performance,” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2677(10), pp. 233-245. doi: 10.1177/03611981231161063
- Ding, J., J. Jeong, K.G. Lee, B.S. Underwood, Y.R. Kim, and C. Castorena (2023). “Repeatability and Reproducibility Analysis for Functional Test Results from Asphalt Mixture Performance Tester (AMPT) Cyclic Fatigue Test,” Transportation Research Record: Journal of Transportation Research Board, 2677(9), pp. 539-554. doi: 10.1177/0361198123115940
- Sousa, T.D., A.J. Enriquez-Leon, M.L. Rocha, P.H. Osmari, F.T.S. Aragao, A.M.B. Pereira, and B.S. Underwood (2023). “A Criterion to Select the Maximum Aggregate Size of Fine-Aggregate Asphalt Matrices,” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2677(9), pp. 555-566. doi: 10.1177/03611981231159891.
- Karanam, G.D., B. Goenaga, and B.S. Underwood (2023). “Quantifying Uncertainty with Pavement Performance Models: Comparing Bayesian and Non-Parametric Methods,” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2677(7), pp. 661-679. doi: doi: 10.1177/0361198123115518
- Goenaga, B., B.S. Underwood, C. Castorena, and P. Rogers (2023). “Early Friction and Texture Evolution after an Asphalt Overlay,” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2766(6), pp. 573-593. doi: 10.1177/0361198122114943.
- Miglietta, F., B.S. Underwood, L. Tsantilis, O. Baglieri, and E. Santagata (2023). “Self-Healing Master Curves of Bituminous Binders: A Non-Linear Viscoelastic Continuum Damage Framework,” Road Materials and Pavement Design, 10(3), pp. 331-348. doi: 10.1080/14680629.2023.2180295
- Gulzar, S., A. Fried, J. Preciado, C. Castorena, B.S. Underwood, J. Habbouche, and I. Boz (2023). “Towards Sustainable Roads: State-of-the-Art Review on the Use of Recycling Agents in Recycled Asphalt Mixtures,” Journal of Cleaner Production, 406, 136994. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.136994.
- Kuchiishi, K., K.C. Lee, and B.S. Underwood (2023). “A simplified protocol for fatigue cracking characterization of asphalt mixtures using the direct tension cyclic fatigue test,” Construction and Building Materials, 363(11). doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.129828
- Yousefi, A., H.H. Fatmeshari, B.S. Underwood, J. Harvey, and P. Blankenship (2023). “Performance of Warm Asphalt Mixtures Containing Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement and Recyling Agents: A Study using Balanced Mix Design Approach,” Construction and Building Materials, 363(11). doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.129633
2022
- Noorvand, H., B. Mobasher, B.S. Underwood, and K. Kaloush (2022). “Development of an Analytical Framework for Evaluation of Critical Fiber Length in Asphalt Concrete with a Single Fiber Pullout Test,” Construction and Building Materials, 360(9). doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.129561
- Liu, S., L. Guannan, L. Shan, and B.S. Underwood (2022). “Molecular-Based Asphalt Oxidation Reaction Mechanism and Aging Resistance Optimization Strategies Based on Quantum Chemistry,” Materials and Structures. 223. doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2022.111225
- Wang, Y., A. Ghanbari, B.S Underwood, Y.R. Kim (2022). “Development of Framework of the Predictive Performance-Engineered Mix Design Procedure for Asphalt Mixtures,” International Journal of Pavement Engineering, 23(12). doi: 10.1080/10298436.2021.1938044
- Noorvand, H., S.C. Brockman, B.S. Underwood, K.E. Kaloush, and B. Mobasher (2022). “Evaluating Interaction of Fiber Reinforcement Mechanism with Microstructure of Asphalt Concrete,” International Journal of Pavement Engineering. 23(5). doi: 1080/10298436.2020.181328
- Goenaga, B., D. Karanam, and B.S. Underwood (2022). “Method to Reduce Uncertainty in the Prediction of Pavement Condition With a Lower Sample Frequency,” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board. 2676(9). doi: 10.1177/03611981221086636
- Matini, N., Gulzar, B. Goenaga, A. Fried, B.S. Underwood, and C. Castorena (2022). “Evaluation of Structural Performance of Pavements under Extreme Events: Flooding and Heatwave Case Studies,” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board. 2676(7). doi: 10.1177/03611981221077984
- Fried, A., G. Xue, S. Gulzar, B.S. Underwood, C. Castorena (2022). “Evaluation of Recycling Agent and Extender Dosage Selection to Restore the High-Temperature Climatic Performance Grade,” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board. 2676(6). doi: 10.1177/03611981221074361
- Habbouche, J., I. Boz, B.S. Underwood, C. Castorena, Gulzar, A. Fried, and J. Preciado (2022). “State of the Practice on the Use of Recycled Asphalt Materials and Recycling Agents in Asphalt Concrete Mixtures,” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board. 2676(4), doi: 10.1177/03611981211061130
- Barros, L.M., L.A.H Nascimento, F.T.S. Aragao, and B.S. Underwood (2022). “Characterization of the Permanent Deformation of Asphalt Mixtures Based on Indexes and on Pavement Structural Performance,” Construction and Building Materials. 326. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.126555
- Fraser, A., M. Chester, and B.S. Underwood (2022). “Wildfire Risk, Post-fire Debris Flows, and Transportation Infrastructure Vulnerability,” Sustainable and Resilient Infrastructure. 7(3). doi: 10.1080/23789689.2020.1737785
- Yang, K., R. Li, B.S. Underwood, and C. Castorena (2022). “Effect of Laboratory Oxidative Aging on Dynamic Shear Rheometer Measures of Asphalt Binder Fatigue Cracking Resistance,” Construction and Building Materials. 337, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.127566
- Zeng, Z.A., B.S. Underwood, and C. Castorena (2022). “Low Temperature Performance Grade Characterization of Asphalt Binder Using the Dynamic Shear Rheometer,” International Journal of Pavement Engineering. 23(2). doi: 10.1080/10298436.2020.1774766
- Yang, K., R. Li, C. Castorena, and B.S. Underwood (2022). “Correlation of Asphalt Binder Linear Viscoelasticity (LVE) Parameters and the Ranking Consistency Related to Fatigue Cracking Resistance,” Construction and Building Materials, 322. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.126450
- Liu, H, H. Ezzat, W. Zeiada, G. Al-Khateeb, B.S. Underwood, and A. Shanableh (2022). “Review of Superpave Performance Grading Systems and Recent Developments in Performance-Based Test Methods of Asphalt Binders,” Construction and Building Materials. 319. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126063
- Wang, D., B.S. Underwood, and Y.R. Kim (2022). “Development of Fatigue Index Parameter for Asphalt Mixtures based on Viscoelastic Continuum Damage Theory,” International Journal of Pavement Engineering. 23(2), doi: 10.1080/10298436.2020.175184
- Ghanbari, A., B.S. Underwood, and Y.R. Kim (2022). “Development of a Rutting Index Parameter Based on the Stress Sweep Rutting Test and Permanent Deformation Model,” International Journal of Pavement Engineering, 23(2), doi: 10.1080/10298436.2020.1748190
- Jeong, J., B.S. Underwood, and Y.R. Kim (2022). “Fatigue Performance Predictions using Index-Volumetrics Relationships with Direct Tension Cyclic Fatigue Test and Illinois Flexibility Index Test (I-FIT),” Construction and Building Materials. 315. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.125631
2021
- Hernandez-Fernandez, N., J.T. Harvey, B.S. Underwood, A. Ossa-Lopez (2021). “Pavement Fatigue Damage Simulations using Second Generation Mechanistic-Empirical Approaches,” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2676. doi: 10.1177/03611981211027152.
- Gulzar, S., B. Goenaga, and B.S. Underwood (2021). “Novel Index for Vulnerability Assessment of Flexible Pavement Infrastructure to Temperature Rise: A Case Study of Developing Countries,” ASCE Journal of Infrastructure Systems. 28(1). doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)IS.1943-555X.0000669.
- Zeiada, W., M. Soliman, M. Arab, B.S. Underwood, K. Kaloush (2021). “Fatigue Behavior of Conventional and Rubber-Modified Gap Graded Asphalt Mixtures using Bending and Axial Fatigue Tests,” Australian Journal of Civil Engineering. 19(2), pp. 195-207, doi: 10.1080/14488353.2020.1854943.
- Braswell, E., Saleh, M. Elwardany, C. Castorena, B.S. Underwood, and Y.R. Kim (2021). “Refinement of Climate-, Depth- and Time-Based Laboratory Aging Procedure for Asphalt Mixtures,” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board. 2675(2), pp. 207-218, doi: 10.1177/0361198120957316.
- Ding, J., C. Lee, C. Castorena, Y.R. Kim, and B.S. Underwood (2021). “Use of Resampling Method to Construct Variance Index and Repeatability Limit of Damage Characteristic Curve,” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2675(7), pp. 194-207, doi: 10.1177/0361198121994850.
- Jeong, J., B.S. Underwood, and Y.R. Kim (2021). “Rutting Performance Prediction Using Index-Volumetrics Relationships with Stress Sweep Rutting Test and Hamburg Wheel-Track Test,” Construction and Building Materials, 295, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.123664
- Zhang, F., K. Kaloush, B.S. Underwood, and C. Hu (2021). “Preparation and Performances of SBS Compound Modified Asphalt Mixture by Acidification and Vulcanization,” Construction and Building Materials, 296, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.123693.
- Wang, Y., A. Ghanbari, B.S. Underwood, and Y.R. Kim (2021). “Development of Preliminary Transfer Functions for Performance Predictions in the FlexPAVETM Program,” Construction and Building Materials, 266(Part B), doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.121182.
- Tsantilis, L, B.S. Underwood, M. Fabrizio, P.P. Riviera, O. Baglieri, and E. Santagata (2021). “Ageing Effects on the Linear and Nonlinear Viscoelasticity of Bituminous Binders,” Road Materials and Pavement Design. 22, pp. S37-S50, doi: 10.1080/14680629.2021.1908406.
- Noorvand, H., K. Kaloush, J. Medina, and B.S. Underwood (2021). “Rejuvenation Mechanism of Asphalt Mixtures Modified with Crumb Rubber,” Advances in Civil Engineering. 2(2), doi: 10.3390/civileng2020020.
- Goenaga, B., Matini, D. Karanam, B.S. Underwood (2021). Disruption and Recovery: Initial Assessment of COVID-19 Traffic Impacts in North Carolina and Virginia, Journal of Transportation Engineering Part A. 147(4), doi: 10.1061/JTEPBS.0000518. *Listed on ‘Most Read’ articles list for journal*
- Underwood, B.S. (2021). “A Method to Select General Circulation Models for Pavement Performance Evaluation,” International Journal of Pavement Engineering. 22(2), doi: 10.1080/10298436.2019.1580365.
- Daryaee, D., Habibpour, S. Gulzar, B.S. Underwood (2021). “Combined Effect of Waste Polymer and Rejuvenator on Reclaimed Asphalt Binder,” Construction and Building Materials. 268, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.121059.
2015-2020
- Rad, F.Y, M. Elwardany, C. Castorena, B.S. Underwood, Keshavarzi, N. Saleh, D. Mocelin, and Y.R. Kim (2020). “Effects of Aging on Asphalt Mixture and Pavement Performance,” Construction and Building Materials. 258. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.120309.
- Fernandez, N.H. Ossa-Lopez, A., and B.S. Underwood (2020). “Simulation of the Asphalt Concrete Stiffness Degradation using Simplified Viscoelastic Continuum Damage Model,” International Journal of Fatigue. 140, doi: 10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2020.105850
- Jeong, J., D. Wang, A. Ghanbari, C. Nash, D. Nener-Plante, B.S. Underwood, and Y.R. Kim (2020). “Implementation Process for Performance-Related Specifications Shadow Projects: The Example of MaineDOT,” Construction and Building Materials. 263, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.120150
- Medina, J., Salim, and B.S. Underwood (2020). “Experimental Study for Crowdsourced Ride Quality Index Estimation using Smartphones,” Journal of Transportation Part B. 146(4), doi: 10.1061/JPEODX.0000225
- Underwood, B.S., G. Mascaro, and M. Chester (2020). “Past and Present Design Practices and Uncertainty in Climate Projections are Challenges for Designing Infrastructure to Future Conditions,” Journal of Infrastructure Systems. 26(3). doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)IS.1943-555X.0000567. *Selected for ‘Editor’s Choice Collection’ for journal*
- Saleh, N., Mocelin, F.Y. Rad, C. Castorena, B.S. Underwood and Y.R. Kim (2020). “A Predictive Framework for Modeling Changes in Asphalt Mixture Moduli with Oxidative Aging,” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board. 2674(10). doi: 10.1177/0361198120938775
- Goenaga, B., B.S. Underwood, and L. Fuentes (2020). “Effect of Speed Bump on Pavement Condition,” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board. 2674(9), doi: 10.1177/0361198120927005.
- Gundla, A., R. Salim, B.S. Underwood, and K.E. Kaloush (2020). “Implementation of the AASHTO M 332 Specification: A Case Study,” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board. 2674(9). doi: 10.1177/0361198120933266.
- Ding, J., D. Wang, S. Gulzar, Y.R. Kim, and B.S. Underwood (2020). “Uncertainty Quantification (UQ) of Simplified Viscoelastic Continuum Damage Fatigue Modeling using Bayesian Inference Based Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) Method,” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board. 2674(4). doi: 10.1177/0361198120910149
- Gulzar, S. and B.S. Underwood (2020). “Nonlinear Viscoelastic Response of Crumb Rubber Modified Asphalt Binder Under Large Strains,” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board. 2674(3). doi: 10.1177/0361198120907097
- Stuart, K., B.S. Underwood, and W. Mogawer (2020). “Use of Polymer-Modified Asphalts (PMA) in Dense-Graded Mixtures: Internet Survey and Tools to Measure Return on Investment,” Journal of the Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists. 89. *Selected for Emmon’s Award by Association*.
- Nafisi, A., D. Mocelin, B.M. Montoya, and B.S. Underwood (2020). “Tensile Strength of Microbially Induced Carbonate Precipitation Sands (Technical Note),” Canadian Geotechnical Journal. 57, doi: 10.1139/cgj-2019-0230
- Wu, Y., Y. Yan, Z. Zhang, Y. Qiao, B.S. Underwood, and Y.R. Kim (2020). “Development of Environmentally Friendly Flame Retardant to Achieve Low Flammability for Asphalt Binder used in Tunnel Pavements,” Journal of Cleaner Production. 257(1),doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120487
- Cho, N., M. El Asmar, B.S. Underwood, and Y. Kamarianakis (2020). “Long-Term Performance Benefits of Design-Build Transportation Projects,” KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering. 24, pp. 1049-1059, doi: 10.1007/s12205-020-1814-3
- Mansourkhaki, A., M. Ameri, M. Habibpour, B.S. Underwood (2019). “Relations Between Colloidal Indices and Low-Temperature Properties of Reclaimed Binder Modified with Softer Binder, Oil-Rejuvenator and Polybutadiene Rubber,” Construction and Building Materials. 239, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117800
- Mansourkhaki, A., M. Ameri, M. Habibpour, B.S. Underwood (2019). “Chemical Composition and Rheological Characteristics of Binders Containing RAP and Rejuvenator,” Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 32(4), doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0003016
- Medina, J., H. Noorvand, B.S. Underwood, and K. Kaloush (2019). “Statistical Validation of Pavement Ride Quality Measurements from Smartphones,” Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering. 34(3). doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)CP.1943-5487.0000891
- Gundla, A. and B.S. Underwood (2020). “Molecular Weight Distribution of Asphalt Binders from Laser Desorption Mass Spectroscopy (LDMS) Technique and its Relationship to Linear Viscoelastic Relaxation Spectra,” Fuel. 262, doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2019.116444
- Lee, K., S. Pape, C. Castorena, B.S. Underwood, and Y.R. Kim (2019). “Strain-Level Determination Procedure for Small-Specimen Cyclic Fatigue Testing in the Asphalt Mixture Performance Tester,” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2673, pp. 824-835, doi: 10.1177/0361198119845357
- Salim, R., Gundla, A. Zalghout, B.S. Underwood, and K. Kaloush (2019). “Relationship between Asphalt Binder Parameters and Asphalt Mixture Rutting,” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board. 2673, pp. 416-446, doi: 10.1177/0361198119842129
- Wang, Y.D., A. Ghanbari, B.S. Underwood, and Y.R. Kim (2019). “Development of a Performance-Volumetric Relationship for Asphalt Mixtures,” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board. 2673, pp. 416-430, doi: 10.1177/0361198119845364
- Zeiada, W.A., K. Hamad, M. Omar, B.S. Underwood, M.A. Khalil, and A.S. Karzad (2019). “Investigation and Modeling of Asphalt Pavement Performance in Cold Regions,” International Journal of Pavement Engineering. 20(8), pp. 986-997, doi: 10.1080/10298436.2017.1373391
- Salim, R., Gundla, B.S. Underwood, and K. Kaloush (2019). “Effect of MSCR Percent Recovery on Performance of Polymer Modified Asphalt Mixtures,” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board. 2673, pp. 308-319. doi: 10.1177/0361198119841283
- Miglietta, F., B.S. Underwood, L. Tsantilis, O. Baglieri, K.E. Kaloush, E. Santagata (2019). “Fatigue Properties of Nano-Reinforced Bituminous Mixtures: A Viscoelastic Continuum Damage Approach,” International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology. 11, pp. 766-773. doi: 10.1016/j.ijprt.2018.04.004.
- Wang, C., W. Xie, and B.S. Underwood (2019). “Fatigue and Healing Performance Assessment of Asphalt Binder from Rheological and Chemical Characteristics,” Materials and Structures, 51, pp. 171-182.
- Markholf, S., C. Hoehne, A. Fraser, M. Chester, and B.S. Underwood (2018). “Transportation Resilience to Climate Change and Extreme Weather Events – Beyond Risk and Robustness,” Journal of Transport Policy. 74, pp. 174-186, doi: 10.1016/j.tranpol.2018.11.003
- Kim, Y., D. Eisenberg, E. Bondank, M. Chester, G. Mascaro, and B.S. Underwood (2017). “Safe-to-Fail Climate Change Adaptation Strategies for Phoenix-Area Roadways under Extreme Precipitation,” Climatic Change. 145(3-4). 397-412. doi: 10.1007/s10584-017-2090-1
- Mamlouk, M., M. Vinayakamurthy, B.S. Underwood, and K. Kaloush (2018). “Effects of the International Roughness Index and Rut Depth on Crash Rates,” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2672, pp. 418-429. doi: 10.1177/0361198118781137.
- Zeiada, W.A., P. Gudipudi, B.S. Underwood (2018). “Effect of Waveform Pattern and Rest Period on Fatigue Life of Asphalt Concrete Using Viscoelastic Continuum Damage Model,” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2672. doi: 10.1177/0361198118773892.
- Medina, J., B.S. Underwood, and M. Mamlouk (2018). “Estimation of Asphalt Concrete Modulus using the Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Test,” Journal of Transportation: Part B Pavements. 144(2). doi: 10.1061/JPEODX.0000036.
- Stempihar, J., A. Gundla, and B.S. Underwood (2018). “Interpreting Stress Sensitivity in the Multiple Stress Creep and Recovery Test,” Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering. 30(2). doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002153.
- Nobakht, M., M. S. Sakhaeifar, D. Newcomb, and B.S. Underwood (2018). “Mechanistic-Empirical Methodology for the Selection of Cost-Effective Rehabilitation Strategy for Flexible Pavements.” International Journal of Pavement Engineering, 19(8), pp 675-684. doi: 10.1080/10298436.2016.1199878.
- Noorvand, H., R. Salim, J. Medina, K. Kaloush, B.S. Underwood (2018). “Effect of Synthetic Fiber Distribution and State on Mechanical Performance of Fiber Reinforced Asphalt Concrete,” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board. 2672, pp 42-51. doi: 10.1177/0361198118787975.
- Mensching, D., J. Daniel, and B.S. Underwood (2018). “Exploring Indicators for Fatigue Cracking in Hot Mix Asphalt Pavements Using Simplified-Viscoelastic Continuum Damage Theory,” Road Materials and Pavement Design. 19(3), doi: 10.1080/14680629.2018.1418713.
- Underwood, B.S., Z. Guido, P. Gudipudi, and Y. Feinburg (2017). “Increased Costs to US Pavement Infrastructure from Future Temperature Rise,” Nature: Climate Change, 7, pp. 704-707. doi: 10.1038/nclimate339
- Zeiada, W., Underwood, B.S., and K.E. Kaloush (2018). “Impact of Asphalt Concrete Fatigue Endurance Limit Definition on Pavement Performance Prediction,” International Journal of Pavement Engineering. 11, pp. 945-956. doi: 10.1080/10298436.2015.1127372.
- Gudipudi, P., B.S. Underwood, and Ali Zalghout (2017). “Impact of Climate Change on the Pavement Performance and Its Sensitivity to Various Climate Prediction Models,” Transportation Part D: Transport and Environment. 57, pp. 172-184. doi: 10.1016/j.trd.2017.09.022.
- Gundla, A., Gudipudi, P., and B.S. Underwood (2017). “Evaluation of the Sensitivity of Asphalt Concrete Modulus to Binder Oxidation with a Multiple Length Scale Study,” Construction and Building Materials. 152, pp. 954-963. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.07.067
- Medina, J., B.S. Underwood, and K.E. Kaloush (2017). “Properties of Activated Crumb Rubber Modified Binders,” Construction and Building Materials, 150, pp. 65-65. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.05.208.
- Gundla, A. and B.S. Underwood (2017). “Evaluation of in situ RAP Interaction in Asphalt Mastics using Micromechanical Models,” International Journal of Pavement Engineering. 18(9), pp. 798-810. doi: 10.1080/10298436.2015.1066003
- Abkarian, H., M. Asmar, and B.S. Underwood (2017). “Impact of Alternative Project Deliver Systems on the International Roughness Index (IRI) – Case Studies of Transportation Projects in the Western U.S.,” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2630, Washington D.C., pp. 76-84. doi: 10.3141/2630-10.
- Gudipudi, P. and B.S. Underwood (2017). “Use of Fine Aggregate Matrix Experimental Data in Improving Reliability of Fatigue Life Prediction of Asphalt Concrete Sensitivity of this Approach to Variation in Input Parameters,” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2631, Washington D.C., pp. 65-73. doi: 10.3141/2631-07.
- Noorvand, H., G. Sai, and B.S. Underwood (2017). “Implications of Autonomous Truck use on Flexible Pavement Performance and Design,” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2640, Washington D.C., pp. 21-18. doi: 10.3141/2640-03.
- Gudipudi, P. and B.S. Underwood (2017). “Development of Modulus and Fatigue Test Protocol for Fine Aggregate Matrix for Axial Direction of Loading,” ASTM Journal of Testing and Evaluation. 45(2), pp. 497-508. doi: 10.1520/JTE20150295.
- Yang, S., A. Braham, B.S. Underwood, A. Hanz, and G. Reinke (2017). “Correlating Field Performance to Laboratory Dynamic Modulus from Torsion Bar and Indirect Tension,” Road Materials and Pavement Design, 18(1), pp. 104-127. doi: 10.1080/14680629.2016.1267438
- Karki, P., A. Bhasin, and B.S. Underwood (2016). “Fatigue Performance Prediction of Asphalt Composites Subjected to Cyclic Loading with Intermittent Rest Periods,” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2576, Washington D.C., pp. 72-82. doi: 10.3141/2576-08
- Mensching, D., J. Daniel, and B.S. Underwood (2016). “Identifying Indicators for Fatigue Cracking in Hot Mix Asphalt Pavements using Viscoelastic Continuum Damage Principles,” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2576, Washington D.C., pp. 28-39. doi: 10.3141/2576-04
- Gudipudi, P. and B.S. Underwood (2016). “Reliability Analysis of Fatigue Life Prediction from the Viscoelastic Continuum Damage Model,” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2576, Washington D.C., pp. 91-99. doi: 10.3141/2576-10
- Zeiada, W., K. Kaloush, K. B.S. Underwood, M. Mamlouk. (2016). “Development of Test Protocol to Measure Axial Fatigue Damage and Healing,” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2576, Washington D.C., pp. 10-18. doi: 10.3141/2576-02
- Mogawer, W., A.A. Austerman , and B.S. Underwood (2016). “Effect of Binder Modification on the Performance of an Ultrathin Overlay Pavement Preservation Strategy,” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2550, Washington D.C., pp. 1-7. doi: 10.3141/2550-01
- Gundla, A., P. Gudipudi, J. Medina, R. Salim, W. Zeiada, and B.S. Underwood (2016). “Investigation of Aging in Hydrated Lime and Portland Cement Modified Asphalt Concrete at Multiple Length Scales,” Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering. 28(5). doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001501
2015 and Before
- Mogawer, W., A. Austerman, R. Roque, B.S. Underwood, L. Mohammad, and J. Zou (2015). “Aging and Rejuvenators: Understanding their Impact on High RAP Mixtures Fatigue Cracking Characteristics Using Advanced Mechanistic Models and Testing Methods,” Road Materials and Pavement Design, 16, pp. 1-28. doi: 10.1080/14680629.2015.1076996
- P. Gudipudi and B.S. Underwood (2015). “Testing and Modeling of Fine Aggregate Matrix to Asphalt Mixture Damage Relationship,” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2507, Washington D.C., pp. 120-127. doi:10.3141/2507-13.
- Stevens, R., J. Stempihar, B.S. Underwood, and D. Pal (2015). “Evaluation of Multiple Stress Creep and Recovery (MSCR) Data for Arizona,” International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology. 8(5), pp. 337-345. doi: 10.6135/ijprt.org.tw/2015.8(4).337
- Underwood, B.S. (2015). “Continuum Damage based Constitutive Model for Asphalt Binder and Asphalt Mastic,” International Journal of Fatigue, 82(3), pp. 287-401. doi:10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2015.08.020
- Underwood, B.S. and Y.R. Kim (2015). “A Nonlinear Viscoelastic Constitutive Model for Asphalt Cement and Asphalt Mastic,” International Journal of Pavement Engineering, 16(6), pp. 510-529. doi: 10.1080/10298436.2014.943133
- Underwood, B.S. and W.A. Zeiada (2014). “Modeling the Microdamage Healing in Asphalt Concrete with a Smeared Continuum Damage Approach,” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2447, Washington D.C., pp. 126-135. doi: 10.3141/2447
- Zeiada, W.A., M. Souliman, K.E. Kaloush, M. Mamlouk, B.S. Underwood (2014). “Comparison of Fatigue Damage, Healing, and Endurance Limit using Beam Fatigue and Uniaxial Fatigue Tests,” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2447, Washington, D.C., pp. 32-41. doi: 10.3141/2447-04
- Zeiada, W.A., B.S. Underwood, T. Pourshams, J. Stempihar, K. Kaloush (2014). “Comparison of Conventional, Polymer, and Rubber Asphalt Mixtures using Viscoelastic Continuum Damage Model,” Road Materials and Pavement Design, 5, pp. 588-605. doi: 10.1080/14680629.2014.914965
- Underwood, B.S. and Y.R. Kim (2014). “A Four Phase Micro-Mechanical Model for Asphalt Mastic Modulus,” Mechanics of Materials, 75, pp. 13-33. doi: 10.1016/j.mechmat.2014.04.001
- Zeiada, W.A. , K.E. Kaloush, B.S. Underwood, M. Mamlouk (2014). “Improved Method to Consider Air Void and Asphalt Content Changes on Long-Term Performance of Asphalt Concrete Pavements,” International Journal of Pavement Engineering, 15(8), pp. 718-730. doi: 10.1080/10298436.2013.857775
- Underwood, B.S. and Y.R. Kim (2013). “Nonlinear Viscoelastic Behavior of Asphalt Concrete and its Implication on Fatigue Modeling,” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2373, Washington D.C., pp. 100-108. doi: 10.3141/2373-11
- Underwood, B.S. and Y.R. Kim (2013). “Effect of Volumetric Factors on the Mechanical Behavior of Asphalt Fine Aggregate Matrix and the Relationship to Asphalt Mixture Properties,” Construction and Building Materials, 49, pp. 672-681. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.08.045
- Underwood, B.S. and Y.R. Kim (2013). “Microstructural Association Model for Upscaling Prediction of Asphalt Concrete Dynamic Modulus,” ASCE Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 25(9), pp. 1153-1161. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000657
- Underwood, B.S. and Y.R. Kim (2013). “Microstructural Investigation of Asphalt Concrete for Performing Multiscale Experimental Studies,” International Journal of Pavement Engineering, 14(5), pp. 498-516. doi: 10.1080/10298436.2012.746689
- Underwood, B.S., C.M. Baek, and Y.R. Kim (2012). “Use of Simplified Viscoelastic Continuum Damage Model as an Asphalt Concrete Fatigue Analysis Platform,” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2296, Washington D.C., pp. 36-45. doi: 10.3141/2296-04
- Baek, C.M., B.S. Underwood, and Y.R. Kim (2012). “Effect of Oxidative Aging on Asphalt Mixture Properties,” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2296, Washington D.C., pp. 77-85. doi: 10.3141/2296-08
- Underwood, B.S. and Y.R. Kim (2012). “Comprehensive Evaluation of Small Strain Viscoelastic Behavior of Asphalt Concrete,” ASTM Journal of Testing and Evaluation, 40(4), pp. 99-110. doi: 10.1520/JTE104521
- Tan, Y., L. Shan, B.S. Underwood, and Y.R. Kim (2012). “Healing Characteristics of Asphalt Binder,” Construction and Building Materials, 27(1), pp. 570-577. doi: 10.10 16/j.conbuildmat.2011.07.006
- Underwood, B.S., M. Ashouri, and Y.R. Kim (2011). “Effect of Dynamic Modulus Measurement Protocol on Predicted Pavement Performance,” Journal of the Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists, 80, pp. 65-100. Abstract
- Lacroix, A., B.S. Underwood, and Y.R. Kim (2011). “Reduced Testing Protocol for Measuring the Confined Dynamic Modulus of Asphalt Mixtures,” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2210, Washington D.C., pp. 20-29. doi: 10.3141/2210-03
- Shan, L., Y. Tan, B.S. Underwood, and Y.R. Kim (2011). “Thixotropic Characteristics of Asphalt Binder,” ASCE Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 23(12), pp. 1681-1686. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000328
- Underwood, B.S. and Y.R. Kim (2011). “A Viscoelastoplastic Continuum Damage Model for Asphalt Concrete in Tension,” ASCE Journal of Engineering Mechanics, 137(11), pp. 732-739. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)EM.1943-7889.0000277
- Shan, L, Y. Tan, B.S. Underwood, and Y.R. Kim (2011). “Separation of Thixotropy from Fatigue Process of Asphalt Binder,” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2207, Washington D.C., pp. 89-98. doi: 10.3141/2207-12
- Underwood, B.S., and Y.R. Kim (2011). “Experimental Investigation into the Multiscale Behavior of Asphalt Concrete,” International Journal of Pavement Engineering, Special Multiscale Modeling Issue, 12(4), pp. 357-370. doi: 10.1080/10298436.2011.574136
- Underwood, B.S., T.Y. Yun, Y.R. Kim (2011). “Experimental Investigations of the Viscoelastic and Damage Behaviors of Hot Mix Asphalt in Compression,” ASCE Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 23(4), pp. 459-466. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000197
- Underwood, B.S., Y.R. Kim, and J. Corley-Lay (2011). “Assessment of the Use of Automated Distress Survey Methods for Network Level Pavement Management” ASCE Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities, 25(3), pp. 250-258. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0000158
- Sakhaei Far, M.S., B.S. Underwood, Y.R. Kim, J. Puccinelli, and N. Jackson (2010). “Development of Artificial Neural Network Predictive Models for Populating the Dynamic Modulus of LTPP Sections,” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2181, Washington D.C., pp. 88-97. doi: 10.3141/2179-10
- Shan, L, Y. Tan, B.S. Underwood, and Y.R. Kim (2010). “Application of Thixotropy to Analyze Fatigue and Healing Characteristics of Asphalt Binder,” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2179, Washington D.C., pp. 85-92. doi: 10.3141/2179-10
- Hou, T., B.S. Underwood, and Y.R. Kim (2010). “Fatigue Performance Prediction of North Carolina Mixtures Using the Simplified Viscoelastic Continuum Damage Model,” Journal of the Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists, 79, pp. 35-80. Abstract
- Underwood, B.S., Y.R. Kim, and M.N. Guddati (2010). “Improved Calculation Method of Damage Parameter in Viscoelastic Continuum Damage Model,” International Journal of Pavement Engineering, 11(6), pp. 459-476. doi: 10.1080/10298430903398088
- Underwood, B.S., M.S. Sakhaei Far, and Y.R. Kim (2010). “Using Limited Purchase Specification Tests to Perform Full Linear Viscoelastic Characterization of Asphalt Binder,” ASTM Journal of Testing and Evaluation, 38(5), pp. 558-567. doi: 10.1520/JTE102591
- Yun, T.Y, B.S. Underwood, and Y.R. Kim (2010). “Time-Temperature Superposition for HMA with Growing Damage and Permanent Strain in Confined Tension and Compression,” ASCE Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 22(5), pp. 415-422. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000039
- Sakhaei Far, M.S., B.S. Underwood, S.R. Ranjithan, Y.R. Kim, and J. Jackson (2009). “The Application of Artificial Neural Networks for Estimating the Dynamic Modulus of Asphalt Concrete,” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2127, Washington D.C., pp. 173-186. doi: 10.3141/2127-20
- Underwood, B.S., Y.R. Kim, S. Savadatti, S. Thirunavukkarasu, M.N. Guddati (2009). “Response and Fatigue Performance Modeling of ALF Pavements Using 3-D Finite Element Analysis and a Simplified Viscoelastic Continuum Damage Model,” Journal of the Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists, 78, pp. 829-868. Abstract
- Underwood, B.S. and Y.R. Kim (2009). “Determination of the Appropriate Representative Elastic Modulus for Asphalt Concrete,” International Journal of Pavement Engineering, 10(2), pp. 77-86. doi: 10.1080/10298430701827668
- Kim, Y.R., C. Baek, B.S. Underwood, V. Subramanian, M.N. Guddati, and K. Lee (2008). “Application of Viscoelastic Continuum Damage Model Based Finite Element Analysis to Predict the Fatigue Performance of Asphalt Pavements,” KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, 12(2), pp. 109-120. doi: 10.1007/s12205-008-0109-x
- Underwood, B.S., Y.R. Kim, Y. Seo, and K.H. Lee (2008). “Development of ViscoElastoPlastic Continuum Damage (VEPCD) Model for Response Prediction of HMAs under Tensile Loading,” KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering [Korean Version], 28(1), pp. 45-55. Abstract
- Underwood, B.S., Y.R. Kim and M.N. Guddati (2006). “Characterization and Performance Prediction of ALF Mixtures Using a Viscoelastoplastic Continuum Damage Model,” Journal of the Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists, 75, pp. 577-636. Abstract
- Underwood, B.S., A.H. Heidari, M. Guddati, and Y.R. Kim (2005). “Experimental Investigation of Anisotropy in Asphalt Concrete” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 1929, Washington, D.C., pp. 238-247. doi: 10.3141/1929-28
- Underwood, B.S. and Y.R. Kim (2003). “Determination of Depth of Surface Cracks in Asphalt Pavements”. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 1853, Washington D.C., pp. 143-149. doi: 10.3141/1853-16